Natural disasters and their historical impact in Guadeloupe

Sector and location

The areas most affected by natural disasters in Guadeloupe include the Soufrière region for volcanic eruptions, the cyclone-exposed coasts such as those of Pointe-à-Pitre and Saint-François, as well as urban zones vulnerable to earthquakes.

Description

Volcanic eruptions: la Soufrière in 1976

The Soufrière volcano, located in Basse-Terre, is one of the most active volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles. In 1976, a major eruption forced the evacuation of more than 70,000 people. Although the eruption was mostly phreatic (without lava), the crisis caused major economic and social disruption. The event also revealed gaps in crisis management, leading to improved volcanic monitoring.

Major cyclones

• The 1928 cyclone: this category 5 hurricane, one of the deadliest in Caribbean history, struck Guadeloupe, killing over 1,200 people and destroying thousands of homes. The regions of Pointe-à-Pitre and Capesterre-Belle-Eau were particularly hard hit.
• Hurricane Hugo in 1989: Hugo caused damage estimated at 4 billion francs, destroying infrastructure, homes, and crops. Reconstruction took several years, leaving lasting impacts on the local economy.
• Modern hurricanes: hurricanes Irma (2017) and Maria (2017) also had a significant impact, though less devastating in terms of human losses than Hugo.

Earthquakes

Guadeloupe is located on an active subduction zone, making it particularly vulnerable to earthquakes.

• 1843 earthquake: this major quake nearly completely destroyed the city of Pointe-à-Pitre, killing over 1,500 people. The event highlighted the need for earthquake-resistant building construction.
• Recent tremors: though less destructive, minor tremors are frequent and constantly remind residents of the island’s vulnerability.

Particularities and anecdotes

• The resilience of Guadeloupeans: despite these disasters, the population has developed a strong capacity to adapt, reinforcing infrastructure and improving forecasting systems.
• The myth of "la Soufrière, mother provider": la Soufrière is both feared and respected by Guadeloupeans, viewed as a life-giving source thanks to its fertile soils.
• International solidarity: after every major disaster, the island has received international aid, particularly from mainland France.

Banana cultivation and natural disasters

Banana cultivation in Guadeloupe dates back to the early 20th century but gained significant momentum in the 1920s. Initially grown in the mountainous areas of Basse-Terre, especially between Baillif and Capesterre-Belle-Eau, bananas benefit from rich volcanic soil and the island’s favorable climate. In 1928, a devastating cyclone destroyed coffee and cocoa plantations, pushing farmers to switch to bananas—fast-growing and economically viable.

In the 1950s, rising demand in mainland France spurred the expansion of banana plantations, particularly in the flatter Capesterre-Belle-Eau plain, where mechanization was easier. This period also saw improvements in transport infrastructure, including the launch of regular freight shipping to France in 1933.

However, the banana sector has faced major challenges, including climate events, disease, and market fluctuations. Agroecological initiatives have been introduced to reduce pesticide use and promote sustainable practices, contributing to biodiversity conservation in the plantations.

Today, bananas remain a cornerstone of Guadeloupe’s agriculture, representing a significant share of the island’s exports. Despite ongoing challenges, the sector continues to adapt and innovate to remain competitive in global markets while meeting modern environmental and health standards.

Guadeloupe, exposed to various natural hazards such as earthquakes, cyclones, and volcanic eruptions, has over time developed strategies to strengthen the resilience of its infrastructure and protect its population.

Evolution of earthquake-resistant construction

Classified in seismic zone 5 (high risk), Guadeloupe has implemented specific construction regulations. The Eurocode 8 standard (NF EN 1998-1, 3, and 5) is mandatory for new buildings to ensure resistance to seismic shocks. For private homes, an updated earthquake-resistance guide (January 2021) provides professionals with construction best practices for houses under 200 m².

“Plan Séisme Antilles”

Launched in 2007, the “Plan Séisme Antilles” (PSA) aims to reduce the seismic vulnerability of public and private buildings. The third phase, covering 2021–2027, seeks to accelerate the reinforcement of structures, raise awareness and train stakeholders, and simplify earthquake-resistance regulations. Financial aid is also available to bring private housing up to standard.

Addressing cyclone risks

In addition to earthquake risks, Guadeloupe is vulnerable to cyclones. Specific cyclone-resistance construction rules have been established for new buildings to improve their resistance to strong winds and heavy rains. These include structural reinforcements, ground anchoring, and roofing adaptations.

Natural hazard prevention plans (PPRN)

To better manage land use in high-risk areas, Guadeloupe has developed Natural Hazard Prevention Plans. These plans identify risk zones and define rules for construction and land use to reduce the vulnerability of people and infrastructure.

Awareness and training

Initiatives such as SISMIK week aim to raise public and professional awareness of seismic risks and good earthquake-resistant construction practices. Specific training is also provided to craftsmen and engineers to ensure effective application of current standards. By combining strict regulations, prevention plans, and awareness campaigns, Guadeloupe strives to minimize the impact of natural disasters and better protect its population.

Places to visit related to natural disasters

Guadeloupe National Park

Located around la Soufrière, this park offers hiking trails where visitors can observe the effects of volcanic eruptions and learn more about the island’s geology.

Hurricane Hugo Memorial (Deshaies)

This site commemorates the victims of Hurricane Hugo and highlights post-disaster reconstruction efforts.

Rum Museum (Sainte-Rose)

This museum also addresses agricultural challenges, especially the damage to plantations caused by cyclones.

Why visit these places? These sites offer a unique perspective on the relationship between Guadeloupeans and their natural environment—marked by disasters, but also by remarkable resilience.

Tips and visitor practices

• Guadeloupe National Park: prepare for hikes on uneven terrain. Check the weather forecast before setting out.
• Hurricane Hugo Memorial: visit with a local guide to better understand the cyclone’s impact on the community.
• Rum Museum: a perfect visit to combine cultural insight with local history.

Accessibility for visitors with disabilities

• Guadeloupe National Park: some areas are accessible, but trails to la Soufrière require good mobility.
• Hurricane Hugo Memorial: accessible for visitors with reduced mobility.
• Rum Museum: fully accessible, with adapted facilities.

FAQ

What is the most significant natural disaster in Guadeloupe? The 1928 cyclone remains one of the deadliest and most destructive in terms of human loss and material damage.

Is la Soufrière still active? Yes, the volcano is active but is continuously monitored by the Guadeloupe Volcano and Seismic Observatory.

What measures are taken to prevent the effects of natural disasters? Guadeloupe has advanced monitoring systems, including Météo-France for cyclones and the observatory for earthquakes and volcanoes. Evacuation plans are also in place.

List of nearby activities

• Cascade aux Écrevisses: 20 km from the national park, perfect for a nature break.
• Deshaies Botanical Garden: 10 km from the Hurricane Hugo Memorial, ideal for discovering local biodiversity.
• Grande-Anse Beach (Deshaies): 15 km away, a relaxing spot after historical visits.